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Root Average of Individual Voltage Unbalance (RAIVU) — A voltage-magnitude-based approximation to TAU-based Voltage Unbalance 1. Introduction Voltage unbalance is an important power-quality parameter because unequal phase voltages can produce negative-sequence components, additional losses, torque pulsations, and thermal stress in three-phase electrical equipment. Several simplified voltage-unbalance indices are commonly used, including the Line Voltage Unbalance Rate (LVUR) and statistical measures based on voltage deviation. During my PhD research, I developed an alternative approach called: \[ \boxed{\text{RAIVU — Root Average of Individual Voltage Unbalance}} \] RAIVU estimates voltage unbalance directly from the three measured phase-voltage magnitudes without requiring symmetrical-component calculation. 2. Basic Concept Let the three phase-voltage magnitudes be \[ V_1,\;V_2,\;V_3 \] and their arithmetic mean be \[ V_m=\frac{V_1+V_2+V_3}{3}. \] Define the individual vo...

The biggest current TNPSC update is the release of the Combined Civil Services Examination–II (Group II & Group IIA) 2026 notification . 🔴 TNPSC Group II & IIA — 821 Vacancies Notification No.: 07/2026 Total vacancies: 821 Group II: 41 posts Group IIA: 780 posts Notification released: 11 August 2026 Applications opened: 11 August 2026 Last date: 9 September 2026, 11:59 PM Preliminary Examination: 1 November 2026 Exam time: 9:30 AM–12:30 PM Application correction window: 13–15 September 2026 The Group II posts include positions such as Jailor, Assistant Section Officer, Sub-Registrar, Deputy Commercial Tax Officer and Labour Welfare Inspector , while Group IIA includes posts such as Assistant, Accountant and Lower Division Clerk . 🟢 Other important current updates Combined Technical Services Examination (Diploma/ITI Level): TNPSC has scheduled the examination from 16 August to 20 August 2026 . Group I 2026: The notification has alread...

India has demonstrated its capability to design and manufacture one of the most demanding classes of power-transmission equipment: a 1200 kV Ultra High Voltage Alternating Current (UHVAC) transformer. Developed indigenously by Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) through in-house research and development, the 333 MVA transformer represents an important milestone in India's journey toward self-reliance in advanced power-transmission technology. A Technology Requiring Exceptional Engineering The transformer developed by BHEL is rated 333 MVA, 1150/400/33 kV and is a single-phase autotransformer. It was designed, manufactured and successfully tested using BHEL's own technological expertise. The development was carried out at BHEL's Bhopal facility following an intensive research and development programme. According to BHEL, the technology involved was highly specialised and available with only a small number of manufacturers worldwide, making i...

  Voltage BiquadRate Introduction Voltage unbalance is an important power-quality phenomenon in three-phase electrical systems. Unequal phase or line-voltage magnitudes can produce negative-sequence voltage, increased motor losses, additional heating, torque pulsations and derating of three-phase equipment. Traditional voltage-unbalance indicators generally use the voltage magnitudes themselves, their deviations from the average, or symmetrical components. A different mathematical perspective can be obtained by considering the square of voltage . Since electrical power in a resistive system is proportional to \(V^2\), the variation of \(V^2\) provides a useful way of examining the distribution of voltage-related power among the three phases. This leads naturally to a fourth-order quantity: \[ V^4=(V^2)^2 \] which is referred to here as the Voltage Biquadrate . 1. From Voltage to Voltage Biquadrate For three line-voltage magnitudes \[ V_1,\quad V_2,\quad V_3, \] the conve...

TANSPARK-Tamil Nadu Schools Programme for Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and Knowledge of Online Tools Technology is transforming the way students learn, create and solve problems. To prepare school students for a technology-driven future, Tamil Nadu has been promoting exposure to emerging technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Robotics, Coding and Online Tools. A powerful and memorable identity for such an initiative is TANSPARK. TANSPARK TANSPARK can be expanded as: TANSPARK – Tamil Nadu Schools Programme for Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and Knowledge of Online Tools The name combines TAN, representing Tamil Nadu, with SPARK, symbolising the spark of curiosity, creativity, innovation and technological learning in young minds. «TAN + SPARK = Tamil Nadu's Spark for Future Technology» What Does TANSPARK Represent? TANSPARK represents a vision of bringing emerging technology closer to school students and encouraging them to become creators rather than ...

Google has quietly introduced a new feature that allows a single Google Account to have an additional email address specifically for Google products. This means users can now have two email IDs associated with one Google Account , making it easier to manage their digital identity while keeping the same account, data, and subscriptions. This update is particularly useful for users who want a shorter, more professional, or more personalized Google identity without creating a completely new account. What Has Changed? Traditionally, every Google Account had one primary email address. If you wanted another email address, you generally had to create a separate Google Account. With this new feature, Google now allows an eligible account to have an additional Google email address for Google services. Both email IDs point to the same Google Account, allowing you to access the same data and services. Instead of maintaining two separate accounts, users can now enjoy the convenie...